Correlation Matrix

A correlation matrix displays a variety of data in a rectangular form. The matrix allows the display of a variable and the correlation of the additional data. Within the matrix, when same variables are compared, the value/coefficient is always 1 and is shown diagonally within the chart.

The example correlation matrix is the data from the assessment of lipid compounds and phosphorus in mangrove sediments of Santa Catarina Island, SC, Brazil

Reference URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0103-50532004000500019&script=sci_arttext

Similarity Matrix

A similarity matrix displays data for two variables or points. These are shown within an X and Y graph. This allows the visual representation of the similarities between the two variables.

The example map is of the ratings by the subject matter expert raters SME raters for a selected group of baseball athletes.

Reference URL: http://www.softcodedlogic.com/ratebaseballplayers.htm

Stem and Leaf Plot

A stem and leaf plot displays a plot which displays quantitative data. The plot shows a minimum of two important values. The plot is divided into a left and right column. The left is known as the stem and the right is known as the leaf. There is only one stem, but there can be multiple leafs.

The example map is of a stem and leaf plot. This plot is an example and illustrates the grades of a fictional class and a fictional test.

Reference URL: http://www.purplemath.com/modules/stemleaf.htm

Box Plot

A box plot is a graphical display by an interval scale. The plot displays the distribution, central values and variability’s of the data. If any of the data is not within the designated box plot graph, then the information is known as outliners and is generally noted with an asterisk.

The example map, “Illustrates that there are positive outliers for three variables and negative outliers for one variable. The variable Females(%) does not have outliers at all. In addition to outliers, there can be positive or negative extremes extending the value of three interquartile ranges above the third quartile and below the first quartile. None of the analyzed variables has extremes. Eliminating outliers and extremes (for example, negative outliers or extremes for zero representing no data), can change radically the distribution of a variable.” Per the web citation.

Reference URL: http://www.directionsmag.com/images/newsletter/2004/12_15/Figure20_lg.gif

Histogram

A histogram, also known as a frequency distribution graph, represents various ranges of data and are plotted within an X and Y axis. This graph can abridge large amounts of data.

The example map is of the "average value of dwelling variable, but this time with marked class breaks. With this particular distribution, class breaks are defined based on the ±0.5, ±1.5 and outside of±1.5 standard deviations from the mean value." This information is per the website.

Reference URL: http://www.directionsmag.com/images/newsletter/2004/12_15/Figure6_lg.gif

Parallel Coordinate Graph

A parallel coordinate graph displays high-dimensional geometry. In addition, the parallel coordinate graph connects the values of one variable. This allows the user to understand the relation or connection of multiple variables.

The example map is of a random graph for a lecture by Alfred Inselberg, who invented the parallel coordinate graph. He was giving a lecture at Columbia University in 2007.

Reference URL: http://andrewgelman.com/2007/10/parallel_coordi/

Triangular Plot

A triangular plot displays three points of selected variables. These points in the plot display the point of the variable where the proportions are equal to one.

The example map is an example from an article about triangular plots.

Reference URL: http://www.dplot.com/triangle-plot.htm

Windrose

A windrose displays information about the wind over a designated point in time. The windrose was used in sea travel, before magnetic compasses were invented. Currently, the windrose is used in meteorology to communicate how often the wind occurs within a given period. The windrose has eight lines, which are proportional to the frequency of the occurring wind. The center of the windrose provides the information of calm air.

The example map is of Fresno, California in 1961. The information was gathered at the Fresno Air Terminal.

Reference URL: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/645082/wind-rose

Climograph

A climograph displays information of the temperature and or precipitation for selected areas. The information is gathered over a designated period, while temperature is displayed in a bar graph form, the precipitation data is shown on a line graph.

The example map is of the temperature and precipitation for Memphis, Tennessee.

Reference URL: http://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/glossary/a_d/climograph.html

Population Profile

A population profile displays information on collected on the population within a specified. The information is displayed within a chart format, and information is identified along the x-axis.

The example map is of Northern Ireland’s population : 1971-2045 (2008-based projections.)

Reference URL: http://www.ninis.nisra.gov.uk/mapxtreme/InteractiveMaps_Demography.asp

Scatterplot

A scatter plot displays bivariate data within a form of a graph. The graph will show the relationship of the two variables, any connection pattern of the data.

The example map is of a scatter plot map lecture from the University of MSTE in Illinois.

Reference URL: http://mste.illinois.edu/courses/ci330ms/youtsey/scatterinfo.html

Index Value Plot

An index value plot allows data to be displayed and compared to the index point.

The example of the index value plot description has been directly taken from the examples website, “The AMO index is correlated to air temperatures and rainfall over much of the Northern Hemisphere, in particular, North America and Europe such as North Eastern Brazilian and African Sahel rainfall and North American and European summer climate.”

Reference URL: http://wattsupwiththat.com/2011/12/09/the-november-amo-index-goes-negative-first-time-since-1996/

Accumulative Line Graph or Lorenz curve

An accumulative line graph, which can also be known as a Lorenz curve displays economic quantities and the distribution of wealth and income. The Lorenz graph shows the wealth distribution; degree of inequality.

The example of a Lorenz curve example which shows the inequality in the distribution of income within an example lecture.

Reference URL: http://www.unc.edu/depts/econ/byrns_web/Economicae/Figures/Lorenz.htm

Bilateral Graph

A bilateral graph displays two or more variables or sets of data within form of a graph.

The example of a bilateral graph illustrates a company’s potential to maximize profits without becoming a monopoly within the market. This graph also illustrates how the company can set the price within the market within their profit margin.

Reference URL: http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpd&c=dsp&k=bilateral+monopoly,+factor+market+analysis

Nominal Area Choropleth Map

A nominal area choropleth map displays data, which cannot be measured or calculated. The data is grouped, labeled, and randomized. The groupings are represented by color or patterns

The example map is of an example nominal area map, from the explanations on cartographic symbolization and design within ARC/INFO Methods

Reference URL: http://amlcartography.sourceforge.net/chapter5/c5_2.html

Unstandardized Choropleth Map

An unstandardized choropleth map is a thematic map, which shows non-averaged data. This data is represented as the original data, within the original area.

The example map is of Sao Paulo, in 1991, it show the population districts within the city. The left side of the map shows the unstandardization of the map, while the right side of the map shows the standardization if the map.

Reference URL: http://cartography.uni-muenster.de/en/map-types

Standardized Choropleth Map

A standardized choropleth map is thematic map, which shows averaged data. The averaged data is represented within one area or unit of the map.

The example map is of Sao Paulo, in 1991, it show the population districts within the city. The right side of the map shows standardization, which the left shows the unstandardization of the map.

Reference URL: http://cartography.uni-muenster.de/en/map-types

Univariate Choropleth Map

A univariate choropleth map is form of thematic maps, which shows the informational reflection of one variable, or one set of related data.

The example map is of rental prices, the map data is from an unknown date. The post where the map was obtained was dated January 5, 2006.

Reference URL: http://statgraphics.blog.com/page/2/

Bivariate Choropleth Map

A bivariate choropleth map shows two variables on the same map. The information is represented by two different symbols and shows the relationship of the variables.

The example map shows which canidate won each of the 50 U.S. States during the 2008 election.

Reference URL: http://voices.washingtonpost.com/ezra-klein/2010/04/the_red_state_ripoff.html

Unclassed Choropleth Map

A unclassed choropleth map uses a continuous grade change in color to represent a range of values. This map can be a great number of color hues and thus can be easily misread.

The example map shows the birth rates for the state of Orgeon for 2001.

Reference URL: http://www.e-cartouche.ch/content_reg/cartouche/cartdesign/en/html/ThemMaps_ThemData.html

Classed Choropleth Map

A classed choropleth map shows information, which is illustrated by color or shading. The information within this map type can be displayed by dividing the information into equal groups, breaks or quantiles.

The map example is an interactive choropleth map of the population density in Switzerland.

Reference URL: http://www.e-cartouche.ch/content_reg/cartouche/cartdesign/en/html/ThemMaps_ThemData.html4

Range Graded Proportional Circle Map

A range graded proportional circle map illustrates the data by groupings. Each group or range has variable circles. The circles for each range will only have a specific number of uses per range.

The example map shows the inhabitants of the communes in the region of Zuruch, 2003.

Reference URL: http://www.e-cartouche.ch/content_reg/cartouche/cartdesign/en/html/ThemMaps_ThemData.html

Continuously Variable Proportional Circle Map

A continuously variable proportional circle map illustrates the data variables with circles, which are proportional to the value of the data.

The example map shows the major industries of West Germany.

Reference URL: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/europe/west_germany_ind_1972.jpg

DOQQ (Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangle)

A digital orthophoto quarter quadrangle maps are generated by the USGS and are digital aerial photographs. The photos are geometrically matched and corrected with previous/original photos of the same areas. In addition, a process of rectifaction corrects these maps.

The example map is of Johnston County, Flowers NE. Image was taken in 1998.

Reference URL: http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/gis/doqq.html

DEM (Digital Elevation Model)

A digital elevation model represents data reflective of elevation of the earth’s surfaces. These maps are 3-D representations of the elevations, are usually created by USGS, and use a color scale to represent the data mapped.

The example map is of an Arrangement of elevation profiles in a large scale USGS Digital Elevation Model (USGS, 1987).

Reference URL: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/natureofgeoinfo/c7_p8.html

DLG (Digital Line Graph)

A digital line graph is a digital vector representations which are derived using information from topographic maps or hypsographic data. The DLG maps can show topography, hydrography and utility lines just to name a few.

The example map is of a  Portion of three Digital Line Graph (DLG) layers for USGS Bushkill, PA quadrangle; imaged with Global Mapper (dlgv32 Pro) software. Transportation features are arbitrarily colored red, hydrography blue, and hypsography brown. The square symbols are nodes and the triangles represent polygon centroids.

Reference URL: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/natureofgeoinfo/c7_p7.html

DRG (Digital Raster Graphic)

A digital raster graphic shows a topoguad, which has been scanned and corrected/ georeferenced to the earth’s surface. These maps are available for public use.

The example map shows a 2012 OLD LYME, CONNECTICUT – 7.5 MINUTE SERIES QUADRANGLE (1:24,000–SCALE) US TOPO (ORTHOIMAGE LAYER OFF)

Reference URL: http://nationalmap.gov/ustopo/index.html

Isopleth

Isopleth maps group information into a pre-defined unit. To interpret the data the information must be collected along the contour lines and then calculated. The information displayed along the map is gradual and will not show any abrupt changes and do not intercept onto another line.

The example map shows the construction of an Isopleth map.  

Reference URL: http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/T0446E/T0446E06.htm

Isopach

An isopach map illustrates the variations of stratums or components of a certain area. These maps usually display information-reguarding thicknesses in rocks. These areas are illustrated by a contour line, which shows the variations of thickness.

Example map shows the thickness of the Tully Limestone of the Moscow Shale. The map shows the thickness of the limestone in feet.

Reference URL: http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/2007/07022lash/images/2_18.htm

Isohyet

Isohyets are linked geographical points, which over a specific period of time, received the same amount of precipitation or rainfall.

The example map shows the rainfall within the Amazon during 1999

Reference URL: http://wattsupwiththat.com/2010/06/27/out-in-the-ama-zone/

Isotach

An Isotach map shows a contour line, connecting various points of equal wind speeds.

Example map shows the wind speeds over England Ireland and Scotland.

Reference URL: http:/ Isohyet/expert.weatheronline.co.uk/is10_frame.htm

Isobar

An isobar is a unvarying line of pressure. The pressure information is reflective of atmospheric pressure. These types of maps usually have multiple lines which represents the changes in pressure over large areas.

The example map shows a low pressure cell.

Reference URL: http://www.newmediastudio.org/DataDiscovery/Hurr_ED_Center/Hurr_Structure_Energetics/Closed_Isobars/Closed_Isobars.html

LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)



LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing technology which profiles or scans a specified target. LIDAR is usually mounted onto a plane and with the aid of GPS scans the specified area.

Example Image is of San Francisco and data was collected in September 2002.

Reference URL: http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/RESEARCH/RSD/main/lidar/lidar.shtml

Doppler Radar

Doppler radar uses the Doppler Effect to display data that is tracked within a wide area. The Doppler radar is most commonly known to be used in meteorology. The doppler radar is shown on news channels to show current weather and is used to predict future weather patterns.

Example image is of previous weather conditions, therefore not current.

Reference URL: http://www.baynews9.com/Doppler9000.html

Black and White Aerial Photography

In black and white aerial photography is a form of remote sensing which captures the images, available to the naked eye. These images can be acquired on the ground, air or space.

The example image is of Lyttleton Harbor, on the South Island of New Zealand.

Reference URL: http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect10/Sect10_1.html

Infrared Aerial Photography

Infrared aerial photography uses infrared film and digital sensors which are sensitive to a certain area within the light spectrum. Infrared photography is sensitive to wavelength which human eyes can not identify without aid. This specific type of photography can help analyze oceans and wetlands.  

The example image is of the Sacramento River Deep Water Ship Channel and Levees. Image ID:AHLB2300

Reference URL: http://www.aerialarchives.com/Infrared-Aerial-Photography.htm

Statistical Map

A statistical map represents various types of statistical data in a map form. For example, data such as rainfall and voting history could be displayed on a statistical map.

The example map of Napoleon’s Russian campaign of 1812. The encyclopedia Britannica explained that the map is showing, “The size of Napoleon’s army is shown by the dwindling width of the lines of advance (green) and retreat (gold). The retreat information is correlated with a temperature scale shown along the lower portion of the map. Published by Charles Minard in 1869.”

Reference URL: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/70821/Statistical-map-of-Napoleons-Russian-campaign-of-1812-The-size

Cartogram

A cartogram is a diagram or a distorted visual representation of the area of land. The values are what create the distortion within the areas within the mapped region.

The example map shows the distortion within the Unites States of the constituents of the House of Representatives of forty-eight states (excluding Hawaii, Alaska and U.S. territories).

Reference URL: http://theelectoralmap.com/2008/03/24/digging-a-50-state-strategy/

Flow Map

A flow map uses lines of various substantial widths to show the flow of the data being represented. In addition, flow maps can be used to show the pattern of relationships.

The example map shows the migration pattern within California within the United States, during 1995-2000.

Reference URL: http://graphics.stanford.edu/papers/flow_map_layout/

Isoline Map

An Isoline map represents the data by connecting points of the same value of data with a continuous line. Some Isoline maps are used to aid in the data from thematic maps. In addition, the most common types of isoline maps represent weather or various land elevation.

The example map shows an example isoline map for the topography of an area of land near a body of water.

Reference URL: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/l6_p6.html#isolines

Proportional Circle Map

The information represented in the proportional map information is generally represented with circles. These circles are relative in size to the data which they represent.

The example map shows the population of the Native Americans, during 1990, within the southwest United States.

Reference URL: http://www.neiu.edu/~nerobert/Cartography.htm